c++智能指针的使用，shared_ptr，unique_ptr，weak_ptr

c++智能指针的使用

官方参考

普通指针的烦恼：内存泄漏，多次释放，提前释放

智能指针 负责自动释放所指向的对象。

三种智能指针 shared_ptr，unique_ptr，weak_ptr；

将shared_ptr存放在一个容器中，不再需要它的时候，要erase掉。

allocator负责封装堆内存管理的对象，它们在整个标准库中使用，特别是STL容器使用它们来管理容器内部的所有内存分配,大部份情况下，程序员不用理会，标准容器使用默认的分配器称为std :: allocator。

shared_ptr

shared_ptr

多个指针指向相同的对象；

使用引用计数，引用计数是线程安全的，但是对象的读写需要加锁。

不可以直接将指针直接赋值给一个智能指针，因为指针指针是一个类。

get获取原始指针

最大的陷阱就是循环引用，这会导致内存无法正确释放，导致内存泄漏

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <mutex>
 
struct Base
{
    Base() { std::cout << "  Base::Base()\n"; }
    // 注意：此处非虚析构函数 OK
    ~Base() { std::cout << "  Base::~Base()\n"; }
};
 
struct Derived: public Base
{
    Derived() { std::cout << "  Derived::Derived()\n"; }
    ~Derived() { std::cout << "  Derived::~Derived()\n"; }
};
 
void thr(std::shared_ptr<Base> p)
{
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
    std::shared_ptr<Base> lp = p; // 线程安全，虽然自增共享的 use_count
    {
        static std::mutex io_mutex;
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(io_mutex);
        std::cout << "local pointer in a thread:\n"
                  << "  lp.get() = " << lp.get()
                  << ", lp.use_count() = " << lp.use_count() << '\n';
    }
}
 
int main()
{
    std::shared_ptr<Base> p = std::make_shared<Derived>();
 
    std::cout << "Created a shared Derived (as a pointer to Base)\n"
              << "  p.get() = " << p.get()
              << ", p.use_count() = " << p.use_count() << '\n';
    std::thread t1(thr, p), t2(thr, p), t3(thr, p);
    p.reset(); // 从 main 释放所有权
    std::cout << "Shared ownership between 3 threads and released\n"
              << "ownership from main:\n"
              << "  p.get() = " << p.get()
              << ", p.use_count() = " << p.use_count() << '\n';
    t1.join(); t2.join(); t3.join();
    std::cout << "All threads completed, the last one deleted Derived\n";
}

可能的输出：

Base::Base()
  Derived::Derived()
Created a shared Derived (as a pointer to Base)
  p.get() = 0x2299b30, p.use_count() = 1
Shared ownership between 3 threads and released
ownership from main:
  p.get() = 0, p.use_count() = 0
local pointer in a thread:
  lp.get() = 0x2299b30, lp.use_count() = 5
local pointer in a thread:
  lp.get() = 0x2299b30, lp.use_count() = 3
local pointer in a thread:
  lp.get() = 0x2299b30, lp.use_count() = 2
  Derived::~Derived()
  Base::~Base()
All threads completed, the last one deleted Derived

weak_ptr

是为了配合shared_ptr而引入的一种智能指针，没有重载operator*和->,它的最大作用在于协助shared_ptr工作，像旁观者那样观测资源的使用情况。

weak_ptr可以从一个shared_ptr或者另一个weak_ptr对象构造，获得资源的观测权。但weak_ptr没有共享资源，它的构造不会引起指针引用计数的增加。

成员函数expired()的功能等价于use_count()==0,

weak_ptr可以使用一个非常重要的成员函数lock()从被观测的shared_ptr获得一个可用的shared_ptr对象

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
 
std::weak_ptr<int> gw;
 
void observe()
{
    std::cout << "use_count == " << gw.use_count() << ": ";
    if (auto spt = gw.lock()) { // 使用之前必须复制到 shared_ptr
	std::cout << *spt << "\n";
    }
    else {
        std::cout << "gw is expired\n";
    }
}
 
int main()
{
    {
        auto sp = std::make_shared<int>(42);
	gw = sp;
 
	observe();
    }
 
    observe();
}

输出：

use_count == 1: 42
use_count == 0: gw is expired